The Tuskegee and Guatemala Syphilis Studies Were Racist

Some of the most unsettling examples of institutional  racism have involved medicine, such as when the U.S. government conducted syphilis research on marginalized groups (poor black men in the American south and vulnerable Guatemalan citizens) with disastrous results. Such experiments challenge the idea that racism simply involves isolated acts of prejudice. In fact, the racism that results in long-lasting oppression of people from minority backgrounds is typically perpetuated by institutions. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study In 1932, the United States Public Health Service partnered with educational establishment the Tuskegee Institute to study black men with syphilis in Macon County, Georgia. Most of the men were poor sharecroppers. By the time the study ended 40 years later, a total of 600 black men had enrolled in the experiment. It was called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Medical researchers swayed the men to participate in the study by enticing them with medical exams, rides to and from the clinics, meals on examination days, free treatment for minor ailments, and guarantees that provisions would be made after their deaths in terms of burial stipends paid to their survivors. There was just one problem: Even when penicillin became the main treatment for syphilis in 1947, researchers neglected to use the medication on the men in the Tuskegee study. In the end, dozens of study participants died and infected their spouses, sexual partners, and children with syphilis as well. The Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs created a panel to review the study and in 1972, determined that it was ethically unjustified. The panel determined that researchers failed to provide participants with informed consent, namely that test subjects were to remain untreated for syphilis. In 1973, a class action suit was filed on behalf of the enrollees in the study that resulted in them winning a $9 million settlement. Moreover, the U.S. government agreed to give free medical services to the survivors of the study and their families. Guatemala Syphilis Experiment Until 2010, it remained widely unknown that the U.S. Public Health Service and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau partnered with the Guatemalan government to conduct medical research between 1946 and 1948. During this time, 1,300 Guatemalan prisoners, sex workers, soldiers, and mental health patients were intentionally infected with sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid. What’s more, just 700 of the Guatemalans exposed to STDs received treatment. A total of 83 individuals ultimately died from complications that may have been a direct result of the questionable research paid for by the U.S. government to test the effectiveness of penicillin as an STD treatment. Susan Reverby, a women’s studies professor at Wellesley College, uncovered the U.S. government’s unethical medical research in Guatemala while researching the Tuskegee Syphilis Study of the 1960s, in which researchers willfully failed to treat black men with the illness. It turns out that Dr. John Cutler played a key role in both the Guatemalan experiment and the Tuskegee experiment. The medical research conducted on members of the Guatemalan population stands out as especially egregious, given that the year before experiments there began, Cutler and other officials also conducted STD research on prisoners in Indiana. In that case, however, researchers informed the inmates what the study entailed. In the Guatemalan experiment, none of the test subjects gave their consent, a violation of their rights. In 2012, a U.S. court threw out a lawsuit Guatemalan citizens filed against the U.S. government over the unethical medical research. Wrapping Up Because of the history of medical racism, people  of color continue to distrust health care providers. This can result in non-white people delaying medical treatment or avoiding it altogether, creating an entirely new set of challenges for a group plagued with a legacy of racism. Sources About the USPHS Syphilis Study. Tuskegee University, 2019, Tuskegee, AL. Monastersky, Richard. Court dismisses suit over unethical US experiments. Springer Nature Limited, June 15, 2012.

Introduction. According To Brian Maskell, ‘Lean Accounting

Introduction: According to Brian Maskell, ‘Lean Accounting is general term used for the changes required to company’s accounting, control measurement, and management processes to support lean manufacturing and lean thinking.’ Lean accounting is used as business strategy for Lean Enterprise. In future, the traditional accounting methods used by most of the companies will not be compatible with the Lean changes that companies making today. Lean Manufacturing focuses on eliminating non-value added processes and waste and try to produce only to satisfy customer demand. There are two main thrusts for Lean Accounting. The first is the application of lean methods to the company s accounting, control, and measurement processes. This is no†¦show more content†¦2. Timely, Plain English Financial Reports. Instead of the traditional, complicated financial reports with meaningless variances, in organization where Lean Accounting is used, they create â€Å"plain English† income statements that everyone in the company can readily understand and use. If you have timely and understandable financial information, the value stream leaders can quickly see what’s happening in their business, make better decisions leading to growth, productivity, and profits. This operational and financial information is also shows the TRUE, bottom line savings and profitability coming from lean improvement. 3. Customer Value. The value stream team members have a clear focus on the value created for the customers. When organization know what the customers truly value, and when they have full control over the processes that create this value – then they can work step-by-step to increase the value while at the same time reducing the costs. Increasing value for the customers leads to customer loyalty, unprecedented growth, and profits. 4. Decision-Making and the Box Score Lean Accounting uses a â€Å"box score† which is a single page report showing the three aspects of a value stream that determine the operational and financial results. These are the operational performance measurements, the capacity usage, and a summary of the income statement. The Box Score is widely used in Lean Accounting. It shows the performance of the value streams; operationalShow MoreRelatedChapter 14 Operational Performance Measurement: Sales and Direct-Cost Variances, and the Role of Nonfinancial Performance Measures26317 Words   |  106 Pagesand Clean Company Readings 14-1: â€Å"Standard Costing Is Alive and Well at Parker Brass† by D. Johnsen and P. Sopariwala, Management Accounting Quarterly (Winter 2000), pp. 12-20. The Brass Products Division of the Parker Hannifin Corporation is a world-class manufacturer of tube and brass fittings, valves, hose, and hose fittings. Despite the introduction of popular new costing systems, the Brass Product Division operates a well-functioning standard costing system. Discussion Questions:

Serial Killers Biology or Upbringing Free Essays

string(40) " of the reason why serial killers kill\." As people in today’s society, we are constantly being bombarded with the crazy actions that mankind is capable of. We watch the news and hear about murders, or even read a book about a mysterious killer. As we go through these pieces of reality, one can’t help but be struck by the thought–what causes a person to act so violently? There have been many studies done to try and find an answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a crime such as serial killing, there are two thoughts. The first idea is that serial killing is caused by an abnormality in the frontal lobe of the brain. The other is that serial killers are bred by circumstance which means they have certain genes that make them prone to becoming a killer. With some analysis, the evidence for both theories can serve to prove that serial killers are genetically different. Serial killers have been named many different names over the years by experts. â€Å"In the 19th century, psychopathology was considered to be ‘moral insanity’† (Scott, par. 2). Moral insanity is when ones emotions are damaged, causing them to be carried away by furious instinct. That shows why experts would consider calling serial killers morally insane. Current experts call serial killers a biological disaster† (Scott, par. 2). This means they are born into this world already marked as a disaster. A former psychologist says there are two types, â€Å"They are known as ‘Antisocial personality disorder’ or ‘Social pathology’† (Scott, par. 2). Antisocial personality disorder killers usually do not interact with people which can be their reason for becoming a killer. Social pathology killers are disorganized in the world which makes them uneasy and more tempted to becoming a serial killer. These names can simply describe every type of serial killer in the world. The most serial killings have occurred in California. According to Michael Stone who has a Ph. D. in psychology, â€Å"California leads in the US with the most Serial Homicide cases that have occurred† (Stone 293). Another true statement that Michael has stated is, â€Å"The USA has 76% of the world’s serial killers† (Stone 293). This is showing that if the USA has 76% of the world’s serial killers, than California has more than half. This is an important thing that Michael Stone has found out. Getting to the bottom of why these serial killers kill can help solve the massive amounts of serial killing not only in California, but in the United States as well. It has been said that, â€Å"Europe in second, has 17%. England has produced 28% of the European total of serial killings† (Stone 293). Not only is the Untied States being threatened by massive amounts of Serial Homicides, but so is Europe. Looking at these numbers and percentages can be frightening that’s why understanding serial killers can possibly get rid of this problem. Most of the serial killers in the Untied States are males. Michael Stone has also came to find this out, â€Å"Less than 1% of female population are psychopaths and between 3-5% of men are psychopaths† (Scott, par. 3). Men are more likely to have an antisocial personality disorder or social pathology disorder. Men are genuinely stronger than women which can be another reason why there are more men serial killers than women. â€Å"†¦massive amounts of the frontal lobotomy’s done in the 40’s and 50’s, has been shown to factor into about 64% of male murders housed on death row right now in the United States† (â€Å"A Look Inside Serial Killers,† par. ). Frontal lobotomy was a form of psychosurgery to check the brain for abnormalities. So due to the abnormal frontal lobe section of the brain, males have struck out in violence and the United States is leading 64% on death row. Thus, another frightening situation that should be stopped. â€Å"Most serial killers are males under 50† (Scott, par. 8). This is probably because with age, the brain begins to mature. Also, people over 50 are getting old and don’t have the stamina or ability to kill anymore. The way serial killers feel can be the cause of why they become a serial killer. Phychophysiologist Adrian Raine, Ph. D. has stated, â€Å"A lack of remorse is the hallmark of the psychopath† (Stone 320). Having no care in the world about what they do is the main cause of serial killers. They feel nothing for the people they kill nor will they ever feel something. Serial killers show no emotion for the wrong they do. â€Å"They feel less fear and anxiety than normal people† (Scott, par. 5). Thus, the reason why they kill. Having less anxiety than a normal person means if and when they kill, they will not be scared of their consequences. Also stated by Adrian Raine, â€Å"‘Callous unemotional’ children seem in many instances to be the psychopaths of the future† (Stone 319). Children that show no emotion are known as Callous unemotional. This is a way of determining a psychopathic trait in children. Showing little or no emotion is a huge trait in serial killers. Serial killers are caused by biology rather than upbringing. â€Å"If you’re antisocial but come from a good home, the reasons for violent behavior may have more to do with biology than the upbringing† (Raine, par. 2). Meaning a good home can mean nothing if that person already prone to becoming a serial killer. Also means serial killing can be passed down the family tree. â€Å"Dysfunctional brain—not dysfunctional families—explains murders, especially when the murderer comes from a ‘good’ home† (Raine, par. 1). Something in these murderer’s brains triggers them to kill, not their environment. It’s obvious if they come from a good home/environment that it has to do with a dysfunctional brain. â€Å"Some people have biological systems that make it hard. If an individual has a right orbital cortex that is not functioning well, they’re biologically disadvantaged in developing a conscience† (Raine, par. 5). People with no conscience feel no remorse for the bad things they do, which is a trait of a serial killer. So in conclusion dysfunctional brains are the majority of the reason why serial killers kill. You read "Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing" in category "Essay examples" Genetics contribute to the building of a serial killer. A Genetic scientist once said, â€Å"On a Genetic level some people are more prone to becoming a serial killer† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 3). Just like any gene the serial killer gene can be brought down and passed around the family tree. That same Genetic scientist also said, â€Å"The biological relatives of psychopaths were 4-5 times more likely to be psychopathic than the average person† (Scott, par. 7). Meaning if a person’s family member is a serial killer, that person is more likely and at a huge disadvantage of becoming a serial killer. According to Adrian Raine, â€Å"†¦we may even encounter a child with such genetic disadvantage, that his aggression cannot be curbed even by the most tender and devoted parents† (Stone 320). This kid has too many bad genes to even try and help him not become violent or even a serial killer. This shows that not even the best therapy can help change a serial killer because it’s all in their genes. A certain gene can cause a person such as a serial killer to become violent to the point where they murder. â€Å"A gene called Monoamine Oxidase-A also known as the violent gene, is something found in almost all serial killers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"A Look Inside Serial Killers,† par. 4). This shows that this gene is very dangerous and the cause of almost all serial killers. This should be widely viewed by doctors and scientists to help the growing problem of this Monoamine Oxidase-A gene. Mothers pass down the dysfunction in the form of the MAOA gene to their sons† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 4). There are more male serial killers than females because of this dysfunctional gene passed down by mothers. So as Adrian Raine has discovered, â€Å"Damage to the frontal lobe with the dysfunction of the MAOA gene, we can certainly conclude that they are genetically pre-disposed for violence† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 5). Dysfunctional brains and dysfunctional genes are the leading reasons of why serial killers kill. Certain brain activity can cause a person to become violent. Research has found an increased propensity for aggressive behavior among individuals with lower function in areas of the brain (Raine, par. 21). This means people with aggressive behavior have lower brain functions in certain parts of the brain. Researchers have also found that, â€Å"†¦more impulsive killers showed lower prefrontal functioning and heightened sub cortical function† (Stone 319). The killers that kill on impulse have uneven functions in the brain which causes them to kill. They have high functions in some parts and low functions in the other parts. Adrian Raine says, â€Å"The need for higher levels of stimulation makes the psychopath seek dangerous situation† (Scott, par. 6). The result for higher levels of stimulation results in killing. Less activity in the brain is another reason why serial killers kill. â€Å"Killers who came from a good background averaged 5. 7% less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex† (Raine, par. 10). Less activity in the prefrontal cortex leads to violence. â€Å"Murderers from good backgrounds are more likely to have reduced activity in two key brain areas than murderers from bad backgrounds† (Raine, par. 3). A murderer with reduced activity means more violence, because they are constantly seeking danger. â€Å"When the kids come from a good home, a biological deficit may be to blame† (Raine, par. 11). Meaning genes that are passed down are to blame when a serial killer came from a good home. Serial killers have lower brain functions that make them kill. Founded by Adrian Raine, â€Å"The first evidence for structural changes in the brain of antisocial men explained the low arousal in these men, along with their inadequate response to fear, their lack of conscience, and their poor decision-making skills† (Stone 319). Antisocial men have three structural changes in their brain. These men are more likely to get caught because of their poor decision-making skills. The predatory killers were more able to plot and scheme successfully, lowering their risk of getting caught (Stone 319). These killers are a lot smarter than the antisocial men and often don’t get caught. People with lower prefrontal functioning, their ability to monitor and inhabit violent ambitions was weaker (Stone 319). Meaning the lower the prefrontal functioning is in the brain, makes killers want to kill without the slightest chance of stopping and realizing that it’s wrong. Damage to the prefrontal brain is the most common amongst all serial killers. Prefrontal cortex is involved in long-term planning as well as judgment; the statistics show that approximately 70% of brain-injured patients develop aggressive tendencies (Packard, par. 1). Damage to the prefrontal cortex affects judgment and judgment is always affected in a serial killers brain. They don’t know right from wrong, which has to do with their judgment skills. The prefrontal cortex is a far deeper area of the brain that gives rise to aggressive behavior (Raine, par. 12). So damage to this area can result in the worst aggressive behavior such as serial killing. â€Å"50-58% of psychopaths show abnormal brain wave patterns† (Scott, par. 8). This shows that more than half of the serial killers in the world have abnormal brain waves. Another part of the brain if damaged may make you violent is the frontal lobe. A former psychologist said, â€Å"The frontal lobe acts as the conscience† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 3). Without a conscience people act out in violent behavior because they have nothing in their brain to tell them it’s wrong. Thus, they become cold blooded killers. According to Michael Stone, â€Å"†¦children with psychopathic traits showed abnormal responses in the frontal lobe cortex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stone 320). This shows that even in children their brains can be abnormal and lead to serial killings later in life. â€Å"In humans, the frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for much of the behavior that allows humans to live together in stable social relationships. It is what stops most human beings from acting on their inherent violent tendencies† (â€Å"Brain Injuries,† par. 3). So damage to the frontal lobe makes it hard for that person to commit to a stable social relationship and may act very violently. In conclusion, serial killers are biologically different then regular people. They have lower brain functions and are genetically prone to becoming a serial killer. They tend to act upon violent actions due to their abnormal brain waves in their frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex. As everyone can see from this research, serial killers kill not because of their upbringing, but because of biology. This is why they are known by many experts as biological disasters. Works Cited https://hubpages.com/politics/Brain-Injury-in-Serial-Killers https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/04/980410101830.htm How to cite Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing, Essay examples

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Prompts Example For Students

A Raisin In The Sun Essay Prompts A Raisin in the sun Society in the 1959 was full of racial discrimination. White and blacks were still living in their own areas, the public as a whole was very slow to accept the concept of mixed neighborhoods blacks and white living together.This book, A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Vivian Hansberry, tells the story of a lower-class black familys struggle to gain middle class acceptance in the Southside of Chicago. The Younger family of five, four adults and one child live in a cramped apartment in one of the poorer sections of town. The dream of owning your own business and having all the money you will ever need is a goal held by many in society, then and now. Walter Lee Younger becomes obsessed with his dream of a business venture that will give him financial and social independence, after getting and losing the money that will help this dream become reality he realizes that pride and dignity are more important for him and his family. Walter is obsessed with the insurance check that the family is waiting for, ten thousand dollars, will solve all his financial and social problems. The fact that the money is really his Mamas because of the death of his father complicates the issue. But he points out He was my father, too! (38). Walter wants Mama to give him the money so he can open a liquor store with two friends. He feels as if this will finally allow him the opportunity to provide all the material things, necessities and luxuries for his family. Walter wonders, why shouldnt his wife wear pearls. Walter keeps hounding his wife, mother, or anyone else that is around. He is so fanatic about his dream, that he is uncaring to his family. He talks non-stop about his dream but still shouts; WILL SOMEBODY PLEASE LISTEN TO ME TODAY! (70). Walter is so addicted to his dream that it overshadows everything else that is going on. Walter is so selfish that as the story unfolds and Walter realizes that Mama has made a down payme nt on a house in a white middle class neighborhood he feels like his dream has been butchered. Walter says to Mama You run our lives like you want to (95). Mama after realizing that Walter needs to feel like the man of the house, gives him the balance of the money. The dream of having the money gets bigger and bigger as he talks to his son Travis. He runs through a scenario to Travis that takes him from the selfish to the ridiculous. Walter has to make his dream a reality out of desperation.Walter is not a very smart businessman and gives the money to one of his friends Willy. Willy runs off with the money and Walter is now consumed with anger, helplessness, self- hate and grief. His dream is dead and he has no one to blame but himself. Walter finally shows pride and dignity by turning down the offer of money to not move into the house. These are new characteristics for Walter. He no longer seems to be obsessed with a get quick rich scheme or consumed his own selfish wants; instead he is facing the realities of his situation. Walter though out the book thinks that money is linked to self worth. When Walter speaks to Lindner we know that Walter finally understands what is important; we are very proud people we have decided to move into our house because my father -my father- he earned it for us brick by brick (148).Walter is now broke and feeling foolish, but he has matured into a man that realizes that money is not what is important. Walter Lee Younger through his obsessive dream of owing his own liquor store, getting and losing the money that will help this dream become reality, becomes a better man for the experience. Walters fascination with money consumes all his thoughts and action. After finally getting the m oney he makes a poor decision on who he trusted with the money. He finally realizes he should have trusted himself and not others. It was his dream. This maturity led him to do the right thing and stand up with pride to those who did not want the Younger family to move to the middle class neighborhood. To dream of a better life is a great dream, but we have to be careful about letting it consume us. Sometime when we get caught up in a dream we do not realize what else is important.

Great Content and Link Building A Perfect Marriage

Great Content and Link Building: A Perfect Marriage To build links, it is important to have as many links as possible from other websites that lead back to your own website. CortezTextbroker Marketing and CommunicationsUsing Great Content to Improve Link Building In the world of digital marketing, youll hear over and over again that content is king. Thats true for a lot of reasons, but one of the ways that great content matters is its use as a key player in your strategy for link building.To build links, its important to have as many links as possible from other websites that lead back to your own website. If you have a company that sells womens shoes, for example, you might also have a website where all of your products are listed for sale. Every time a website, digital article or blog post links to your site, that counts as a backlink. Keep reading to take a closer look at how to build links, why it matters and how great content can be the key to your strategy.products. Why Do Backlinks Matter? The first question to ask might be: Wh y do you want or need more backlinks? If you have a great website that contains magnificent photos, wonderful articles and solid products or services for sale, how will it be seen?There are two major ways that you probably receive traffic to your website. The first is through direct links. That is, when a friend shares your link on Facebook or you advertise your company online and offer a click-through link.The second way links can drive traffic to your website is by boosting your ranking on search engine results pages (SERPs). With billions of internet users worldwide, many of whom use major search engines like Google, it is no surprise that getting ranked on the first page of these search engines is a big deal. Each search engine has its own regularly changing algorithm to determine what websites make it to the top of the SERPs. However, backlinks are a key part of those algorithms.If you want to get more traffic and be found among top search results organically, then link buildin g will need to be part of your strategy. While building links on the internet can be an art form, there are plenty of great tips that can help you get started. With Link Building, Great Content Means More Backlinks Getting more backlinks can involve a number of steps, some of which can seem complicated at first. However, the simplest and most effective way to build links is to have high-quality, relevant and attractive content. The best way to have your links get shared on websites, in blog posts and even in the digital press is by having something to say that other people want to see, hear or read.Think for a moment about your own social media accounts. You might be a Twitter fan, or maybe you stick to Facebook to catch up with family photos. Think about the kinds of content that you share on your own social media. Most of the time, you probably share things that you think your connections and followers might like as well. Whether you tweet a link to an interesting news article or share a funny story on Facebook, youre sharing great content with your wider audience.Now, think about the content you are creating for your business. Is it something that you would want to share on your own social media profile? Is it engaging, interesting, informative or otherwise valuable? If not, rethink your content strategy. If your articles are packed with spelling mistakes, consider hiring a professional author who can fine-tune your company content and project a better brand image. In short, great content is the fast track to having more people add your business website links to their own blogs and websites organically. Get More Backlinks Through Partnerships and Link Building Strategies Having great content is just the first step in any strategy for building links. From there, you can try out a variety of ways that might encourage other websites to include your links in their content.To start, you may want to add links to other companies webpages in your own content. A lo t of businesses shy away from this because they are worried about promoting their competition. However, reciprocal cooperation can go a long way. That is especially true if you can work with a complementary business. If youre in the real estate industry, for example, you might choose to review a furniture staging company and include their links in the content. They may then decide to do the same and help your brand with link building, too.Another strategy is to contact any friends, family members or colleagues that have their own websites or blogs. If there is a way for them to organically link your website address within their content, it can be very helpful.Finally, dont be afraid to be direct with people who might be able to help your brand build links. If you write a blog post about a big upcoming event at your company, contact the local paper to let them know. They might write a digital article for their website about your event and share a link in the process. If you manufactu re products or offer services for sale, contact blogs that review those products and services and ask them to include links to your website in their reviews. Not All Backlinks Are Weighted Equally in Search Engines When it comes to backlinks, quantity does matter. At the same time, however, quality of those backlinks also matters. When a search engine like Google takes all your backlinks into account, it analyzes them and categorizes them in order to determine their overall value. Links that come from social media may not have as much weight as links that come from reputable websites. Links from a brand-new website will not make as big a dent as links from a well-established blog. If a domain or a website has a high trust score, their links count for more than a handful of links from low-trust websites.It is also important to learn the difference between standard links and no-follow links. Sometimes, websites allow for comments or contributions from the general public. In these case s, they dont want to vouch for any backlinks added by users. An example of this could be the comments section at the bottom of a news websites article. If you leave a link to your website in a comment as anchor text, Google will count it as a no-follow link, which means that it doesnt boost your websites ranking or trustworthiness. If you want to build links out to your website, focus on high-quality links rather than lots of low-quality links. Use Your Own Content to Add in Internal Links So far, all the links we have discussed are external links. These are the most valuable, but you can also build links within your own content. This means that you can add anchor text and include internal links directing readers to other pages on your website.For example, you might have a blog for your clothing company and publish a post about the top trends in womens fashion in 2019. When you describe certain trendy items throughout the content, you can add links that go directly to those items on your website. This is a quick and effective way to drive users right to pages where they can purchase products. Those internal links also add value to your rank in search results.Of course, you have to have content in order to add in internal backlinks. What you do not want is a blog stuffed with keywords and links that dont look natural. It is often best to work with a professional who understands how to organically weave certain keywords and specific internal links into great content to tell a story, add value and still accomplish some SEO goals in the process. Have a Solid Website to Link Back To Before implementing your new strategy for increased backlinks, focus on what your website looks like. Once users click those backlinks and are directed to your website, will they like what they see? To start, it is important to have a clean, sleek and easy-to-navigate homepage. Beyond that, make sure you have plenty of content so that visitors will be likely to stay for a while.If you d ont yet have a blog for your website, its time to get one started. A blog is an endless supply of content that you can share with your audience. Its also the ideal content to link back to because you can customize each blog post to reflect what youre selling, your current events or anything else that is going on with your business.Make sure that when users visit your website for the first time, they know how to respond. Your blog posts should have clear calls to action that direct users to take the next step. Your products should be easily purchased online, or there should be clear instructions showing buyers how to contact you for more information. Whether youre promoting an event, a cause, a collection of products or even a person, your content is a way to connect. Make the most of your connections by only disseminating great content that is applicable to your business and to the lives of your intended audience.Link building doesnt happen overnight. It takes time, and it is a long -term strategy that can have incredible benefits for your business and your website. While there are many tips and tricks to employ in your quest to build links, the most important is simply to have great content. If you have something that people want to share, they will do so organically. With more backlinks, your website can get an SEO boost and see more direct traffic at the same time.

The Battle of Rhode Island in the American Revolution

The Battle of Rhode Island in the American Revolution The Battle of Rhode Island was fought August 29, 1778, during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and was an early attempt at a combined operation between American and French forces. In the summer of 1778, a French fleet led by Admiral Comte dEstaing arrived on the American coast. It was decided this force would join with Major General John Sullivans command to recapture Newport, RI. Due to intervention by the Royal Navy and damage sustained by a storm at sea, dEstaing withdrew from the operation leaving Sullivan to confront the British alone. Unable to execute the operation without French support, he withdrew up Aquidneck Island with Newports garrison in pursuit. Assuming a strong position, Sullivan fought a successful defensive battle on August 29 before his men departed the island. Background With the signing of the Treaty of Alliance in February 1778, France formally entered the American Revolution on behalf of the United States. Two months later, Vice Admiral Charles Hector, comte dEstaing departed France with twelve ships of the line and around 4,000 men. Crossing the Atlantic, he intended to blockade the British fleet in Delaware Bay. Leaving European waters, he was pursued by a British squadron of thirteen ships of the line commanded by Vice Admiral John Byron. Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector, comte dEstaing. Public Domain Arriving in early July, dEstaing found that the British had abandoned Philadelphia and withdrawn to New York. Moving up the coast, the French ships assumed a position outside New York harbor and the French admiral contacted General George Washington who had established his headquarters at White Plains. As dEstaing felt that his ships would be unable to cross the bar into to the harbor, the two commanders decided on joint strike against the British garrison at Newport, RI. Fast Facts: Battle of Rhode Island Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: August 29, 1778Armies Commanders:AmericansMajor General John SullivanMajor General Nathanael GreeneMajor General Marquis de Lafayette10,100 menBritish Major General Sir Robert Pigot6,700 menCasualties:Americans: 30 killed, 138 wounded, and 44 missingBritish: 38 killed, 210 wounded, and 12 missing Situation on Aquidneck Island Occupied by British forces since 1776, the garrison at Newport was led by Major General Sir Robert Pigot. Since that time, a standoff had ensued with British forces occupying the city and Aquidneck Island while the Americans held the mainland. In March 1778, Congress appointed Major General John Sullivan to oversee the Continental Armys efforts in the area. Assessing the situation, Sullivan began stockpiling supplies with the goal of attacking the British that summer. These preparations were damaged in late May when Pigot conducted successful raids against Bristol and Warren. In mid-July, Sullivan received word from Washington to begin raising additional troops for a move against Newport. On the 24th, one of Washingtons aides, Colonel John Laurens, arrived and informed Sullivan of dEstaings approach and that the city was to be the target of a combined operation. To assist in the attack, Sullivans command was soon augmented by brigades led by Brigadier Generals John Glover and James Varnum which had moved north under the guidance of the Marquis de Lafayette. Swiftly taking action, the call went out to New England for the militia. Heartened by news of the French assistance, militia units from Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire began arriving at Sullivans camp swelling the American ranks to around 10,000. Major General Nathanael Greene. Photograph Source: Public Domain As preparations moved forward, Washington dispatched Major General Nathanael Greene, a native of Rhode Island, north to aid Sullivan. To the south, Pigot worked to improve Newports defenses and was reinforced in mid-July. Sent north from New York by General Sir Henry Clinton and Vice Admiral Lord Richard Howe, these additional troops increased to the garrison to around 6,700 men. The Franco-American Plan Arriving off Point Judith on July 29, dEstaing met with the American commanders and the two sides began developing their plans for assaulting Newport. These called for Sullivans army to cross from Tiverton to Aquidneck Island and advance south against British positions on Butts Hill. As this occurred, the French troops would disembark on Conanicut Island before crossing over to Aquidneck and cutting off the British forces facing Sullivan. This done, the combined army would move against Newports defenses. Anticipating an allied attack, Pigot began withdrawing his forces back to the city and abandoned Butts Hill. On August 8, dEstaing pushed his fleet into Newport harbor and began landing his force on Conanicut the next day. As the French were landing, Sullivan, seeing that Butts Hill was vacant, crossed over and occupied the high ground. The French Depart As French troops were going ashore, a force of eight ships of the line, led by Howe, appeared off Point Judith. Possessing a numerical advantage, and concerned that Howe could be reinforced, dEstaing re-embarked his troops on August 10 and sailed out to battle the British. As the two fleets jockeyed for position, the weather quickly deteriorated scattering the warships and badly damaging several. While the French fleet regrouped off Delaware, Sullivan advanced on Newport and began siege operations on August 15. Five days later, dEstaing returned and informed Sullivan that the fleet would be immediately departing for Boston to make repairs. Incensed, Sullivan, Greene, and Lafayette pleaded with the French admiral to remain, even for just two days to support an immediate attack. Though dEstaing desired to assist them, he was overruled by his captains. Mysteriously, he proved unwilling to leave his ground forces which would be of little use in Boston. Marquis de Lafayette. Photograph Source: Public Domain The French actions provoked a flurry of irate and impolitic correspondence from Sullivan to other senior American leaders. In the ranks, dEstaings departure sparked outrage and led many of the militia to return home. As a result, Sullivans ranks rapidly began to deplete. On August 24, he received word from Washington that the British were preparing a relief force for Newport. The threat of additional British troops arriving eliminated the possibility of conducting a protracted siege. As many of his officers felt a direct assault against Newports defenses was unfeasible, Sullivan elected to order a withdraw north with the hope that it could be conducted in a way that would draw Pigot out from his works. On August 28, the last American troops departed the siege lines and retreated to a new defensive position at the northern end of the island. The Armies Meet Anchoring his line on Butts Hill, Sullivans position looked south across a small valley to Turkey and Quaker Hills. These were occupied by advance units and overlooked the East and West Roads which ran south to Newport. Alerted to the American withdrawal, Pigot ordered two columns, led by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg and Major General Francis Smith, to push north to harry the enemy. While the formers Hessians moved up the West Road towards Turkey Hill, the latters infantry marched up the East Road in the direction of Quaker Hill. On August 29, Smiths forces came under fire from Lieutenant Colonel Henry B. Livingstons command near Quaker Hill. Mounting a stiff defense, the Americans forced Smith to request reinforcements. As these arrived, Livingston was joined by Colonel Edward Wigglesworth’s regiment. Major General Francis Smith. Public Domain Renewing the attack, Smith began to push the Americans back. His efforts were aided by Hessian forces which flanked the enemy position. Falling back to the main American lines, Livingston and Wigglesworths men passed through Glovers brigade. Probing forward, British troops came under artillery fire from Glovers position. After their initial attacks were turned back, Smith elected to hold his position rather than mount a full assault. To the west, von Lossbergs column engaged Laurens men in front of Turkey Hill. Slowly pushing them back, the Hessians began to gain the heights. Though reinforced, Laurens was ultimately forced to fall back across the valley and passed through Greenes lines on the American right. Colonel John Laurens. Public Domain As the morning progressed, the Hessian efforts were aided by three British frigates that moved up the bay and began firing on the American lines. Shifting artillery, Greene, with assistance from American batteries on Bristol Neck, was able to force them to withdraw. Around 2:00 PM, von Lossberg began an assault on Greenes position but was thrown back. Mounting a series of counterattacks, Greene was able to regain some ground and compelled the Hessians to fall back to the top of Turkey Hill. Though fighting began to subside, an artillery duel continued into the evening. Aftermath The fighting cost Sullivan 30 killed, 138 wounded, and 44 missing, while Pigots forces sustained 38 killed, 210 wounded, and 12 missing. On the night of August 30/31, American forces departed Aquidneck Island and moved to new positions at Tiverton and Bristol. Arriving at Boston, dEstaing was met with a cool reception by the citys residents as they had learned of the French departure through Sullivans irate letters. The situation was improved somewhat by Lafayette who had been sent north by the American commander in the hopes of securing the fleets return. Though many in the leadership were angered by the French actions at Newport, Washington and Congress worked to calm passions with the goal of preserving the new alliance.

Our country should do more to help our homeless Essay

Our country should do more to help our homeless - Essay Example Dissolving Stereotypes Because of recent public awareness campaigns by governmental and private agencies such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the National Coalition for the Homeless respectively, long-standing common stereotypes of the homeless are steadily evaporating. Images of imaginatively clothed white-bearded, haggard, leather-faced men sitting against an alley wall holding a brown paper bag with a bottle of cheap booze inside have toady morphed into imagery that is closer to the truth such as a single mom with children living at a shelter or a family living in their car. The estimated 500,000 children that are homeless in America at any one time and their mothers are the fastest growing sector of the homeless population in the U.S. According to existing studies conducted of homeless shelters minor account for close to 40 percent of the homeless population. More than 40 percent of these children are preschool age. (Gray, 2011). It is a false impressi on that the majority homeless persons really prefer that type of terrible lifestyle and could possibly adjust to it. Studies confirm that close 100 percent of homeless persons certainly would never choose this lifestyle one more day if they had an alternative. Who would? Another universal myth regarding the homeless is that they made bad decisions therefore are responsible for their own destiny. In addition to the great numbers of homeless children who are blameless, many adults are victims of easy to understand circumstances too. Some military veterans suffer from both physical and mental disabilities resulting from warfare and cannot sustain an ‘ordinary’ existence. Other victims of homelessness were abused as children or were themselves raised in homeless environment. Still other people fall into the destructive cycle of drug and alcohol addiction which decimates their family and working life. Some have become ‘unemployable’ for a variety of reasons or c an find only unskilled and/or low-paying employment after having higher paying jobs and now cannot afford their house payments. Whatever the reason, the results are the same. â€Å"All homeless are victims in the sense that they do not have a place to call home.† (â€Å"Facts and Myths†, 2007). Men, Women and Children Twenty-five percent of women who are homeless find themselves in this dangerous and demeaning situation because they are escaping abusive behavior in their home. Unsurprisingly, men seldom report this reason for being homeless but a percentage, though statistically insignificant, cite an abusive home as the central reason they are homeless. Men’s most often reason given is unemployment and the second most for women. â€Å"Although there is a 13.4 percent difference between males and females, unemployment is also an important reason of homelessness for women.   More than one tenth of homeless women leave home because of employment† (â€Å" Women and Men†, 2001). Other than spousal abuse and to a lesser degree joblessness, the differences between the declared causes for homelessness are statistically identical for men and women. Approximately the same numbers of both genders say alcohol and drug abuse, protracted disabilities or illnesses and running out of federal aid caused their homelessness. Recent research and

Virtual and Social Media Report 2-4-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virtual and Social Media Report 2-4-3 - Essay Example One of the main aims behind using this software is for people to create synergistic websites that promote discussion on the subject matter at hand. Hosted by third parties, Wikis are very popular amongst browsers who prefer to leave their input on various issues and/or who like to simply share information they have on the topic. Generally, web users who like to interact with others regarding any particular topic use wikis. Thus, wikis enable an increased virtual and social media communication. However, the main purpose of wikis is to augment people’s knowledge about any given topic – though they do give the netizens a chance to remove off-topic material from the page or website. Wikis enable interaction via information sharing, as well as input of comments and suggestions. Not only do they increase knowledge of netizens, but, as stated earlier, they enable them to enhance their interactional skills, thereby increasing an exchange of ideas and interaction on an individual level. On a corporate level, wikis help companies in forming networks that augment efficiency by simplifying tasks. Not only do companies get their message across to targeted groups, but they also receive input from them at the same time, thus, enabling them to promote their merchandise, services and/or proposals more ably. Wikis also aid companies in working together with their clients as well as managing various projects. The strengths of wikis include its appealing nature, whereby whatever the target audience of the wikis is, participation is always obtained. Since wikis are not daunting or controlled strictly, the users find them easy to use, thereby enhancing communication. Moreover, wikis help promote the idea of data exchange or information sharing. Another strength lies in the flexibility of the wikis; they can be altered to meet the needs of the users. The weaknesses of the wikis lie in their strengths as well. As

Social Viewpoints Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Viewpoints - Research Paper Example The system would also promote affirmative action programs to ensure racial minorities have better opportunities. I am not a big fan of this model as it takes away the incentive to work had if you cannot keep a lot of your money. Another model is the opposite of social justice. People should be personally responsible. Taxes should be at a low level for everyone. Social security payments should be small to avoid people becoming dependent on them. A third model you might find would be an extreme version of social justice: the nanny state. This system does everything for everyone, but it is very coercive. It provides cradle to grave benefits but at a high cost (Harsanyi, 2). People lose a lot of freedom in this system. It is a bit like the book Brave New World. People have everything, all their material needs, but they lack freedom. If I had to choose I would choose freedom: the personal responsibility to

Staff Retention in Nursing

Staff Retention in Nursing Arlena Davis, Stephanee Thurman STAFF RETENTION IN NURSING Introduction Staff retention is one of the strategies nurse administrators employs in preventing high rates of nurse turnover. Currently, the rate of nurse turnover is quite high, and this problem is more common in nurses at the entry level. The high rate of nurse turnover is one the major contributors of the shortage of nurses experienced throughout the country (Brunetto, 2012). Apart from prevention of nurse turnover, retention of nurses has a lot of benefits accrued to it. The strategy is useful in keeping nurses in a particular organization, and this helps to retain the skills and knowledge accrued in the process of serving at the organization. Other benefits associated with nurse retention include a reduced number of new nurses or â€Å"rookies,† thus reducing cost of training, fewer terminations that lead to reduced termination cost and increased productivity. However, the retention of nurses also comes along with increased cost. Some of the nurse retention costs include salary incre ases, rewards, bonus programs, ongoing â€Å"education and promotion,† among others (Ley, 2007). Therefore, as a nurse manager, it is essential to devise ways of dealing with challenges that arise as a result of nurse retention. Possessing the knowledge on nurse retention is vital for career development as a nurse manager. Hence, this paper provides an analysis of research articles regarding the issue of nurse retention. Staff Retention in Nursing Part A: Summary of Each Study Article 1: Retention Priorities for the Intergenerational Nurse Workforce by Wieck et al., 2010 The researchers in this particular study focused on the retention priorities for nurses belonging to different generations. The purpose of the study was â€Å"to conduct an assessment on the environment, job satisfaction, and desired traits of managers in a bid to improve nurse retention† (Wieck et al., 2010). As mentioned earlier, nurses’ retention is important in any organization since it helps reduce the problem of nurses’ shortages that is felt across the whole country. Work environment, job satisfaction, and qualities portrayed by nurse managers have direct impacts on nurse retention. As part of the methodology, this study was purely quantitative and entailed collection of data from 1,773 nurses from 22 hospitals. The survey was conducted online and included aspects such as â€Å"nurse manager desired traits, safety perceptions, nursing work index and job satisfaction† (Wieck et al., 2010). The findings of this research indicate that the satisfaction with work environment were high among all the participants. The satisfaction was highest where there existed nurse-physician relationship, and lowest where there was nurse control of practice, and younger nurses were less satisfied compared to nurses aged over 40 years. 40% of nurses involved in the sample expressed safety concerns. Additionally, 61% of all the participants indicated that they were planning to leave their jobs within the next ten years (Wieck et al., 2010). In order to halt the alarming findings contained in this research, the researchers assert that health organizations should create model managers since the characteristics of the manager are among the major factors influencing nurse retention. Hence, it important for nurse managers to possess qualities that promote a good working relationship with the nursing staff. The nurse managers should empower the staff nurse councils, which are very useful in advancing the grievances raised by nurses, hence improving job satisfaction. The other recommendations are revamping of the incentives, stabilizing staffing, and focusing on their safety during service delivery (Wieck et al., 2010). Article 2: Study on Nurse Retention by Brunetto The study aimed at improving the rates of nurse retention by focusing on the factors that make nurses stick into their professions (Brunetto, 2012). The study took three years, and it sought to determine nurses’ satisfaction levels concerning the relationship with supervisors, ability to solve problems during service delivery, and communication structures (Brunetto, 2012). The findings of the study show that nurses leave their jobs due to lack of autonomy. 20% of the nurses involved in the study felt that they did not possess the relevant skills to solve the problems they were facing, thereby forced to consult from their superior. This practice leads to erosion of the autonomy in nursing. Other findings indicate that younger nurses are faced with the greatest challenges of retention. Another factor that contributes to nurses leaving their job is random changes in the hospital management that complicate the work relationships between the nurses and supervisors. Well-organized structures in the hospital have the potential to reduce the number of nurses leaving their jobs (Brunetto, 2012). The insights contained in this study can be very beneficial if they are applied in a hospital. First of all, increasing the autonomy of nurses can help lower nurses turnover and retain more nurses in the hospital. In the cases where nurses lack autonomy due to lack of knowledge on how to deal with certain situations can undergo further in training to increase their knowledge (Brunetto, 2012). The supervisors should create proper working relationships with nurses. Good relations between the nurses and their supervisors will help reduce the rate of nurse turnover. Article 3: â€Å"Keeping Nurses on the Job: Retention is part of the Answer to the Nursing Shortage† (New York University, 2009). The purpose of this study was to â€Å"establish the factors that can help keep new nurses from leaving their jobs† (New York University, 2009). The topic of study was important because nurses turnover not only results in a shortage of nursing staff in the hospital, but also results increased hospital budget as the hospitals tries to cater for turnover costs (New York University, 2009). This study was funded by the Robert Wood Foundation, and it incorporated a sample size of 1,933 newly licensed nurses that were sampled from various hospitals across 34 states in the USA† (New York University, 2009). The results of the study showed that nurses stayed on their jobs based on factors that included perceptions of the working conditions, job opportunities available, personal characteristics and specific workplace attributes. According to the researchers, nurse retention can be useful in cutting the costs of running the hospitals. Nurse retention is also useful in improving patients’ outcomes since it increases the staff stability. Whenever the nurses are satisfied with their jobs, bear the organizational commitment, possess autonomy, and have opportunities for promotion, such nurses have minimal chances of leaving their job (New York University, 2009). The knowledge contained in this research article is applicable in addressing problems with nurses’ retention. Health organizations should try to create equal chances for promotion for the nurses. Some nurses should not feel sidelined for promotions whereas others are favored. As the results of the study show, the hospitals can reduce high workload for nurses in a bid to increase job satisfaction. Increasing job satisfaction can result in the high rate of nurses’ retention. The nurse managers should provide supervisory support in the efforts to increase the organizational commitment among younger nurses. Nurse Managers should also avoid some practices such as mandatory overtime since they lead to reduced organizational commitment (New York University, 2009). Article 4: â€Å"Effective Strategies for Nurse Retention in Acute Hospitals; A mixed Method Study† by Koen et al., 2013 Nurse retention is one of the best strategies in countering the problem nurse shortage within the organization. Therefore, â€Å"the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of nurse education, nurse staffing and nursing practice environment on the nurse reported intention to leave the hospital† (Koen et al., 2013). The study also sought to â€Å"provide best practices in the nursing care that can lead to a sound practice environment and thereby improving nurse retention rates† (Koen et al., 2013). The study involved 3186 bedside nurses drawn from 56 Belgian acute hospitals. The results show that 29.5% of the participants were planning to leave the hospital. â€Å"Two factors, namely, nurse work environment and patient-to-nurse ratio were among the leading reasons for the intentions of nurses to leave† (Koen et al., 2013). Further results indicate, â€Å"high performing hospitals with high rates of nurse retention had a participative management style, structured education programs, and career opportunities for nurses† (Koen et al., 2013). However, the study contains several limitations. The RN4CAST nurse survey conducted did not cover all the components. Important elements like magnetic force 11 were locked out of the study. The qualitative data was collected from six Flemish hospitals and thus it hard to make generalizations of the findings. Therefore, the knowledge contained in this research article is applicable in addressing problems with nurses’ retention, and this can be achieved by mentoring nurses and addressing their dissatisfactions in a timely manner (Koen et al., 2013). Article 5: â€Å"Exploring the Key Predictors of Retention in Emergency Nurses† by Sawatzky Enns, 2012 The objective of this study was specifically â€Å"to explore and describe the influencing and intermediary factors that predict the retention of nurses working in the emergency departments† (Sawatzky, Enns, 2012). The researchers employed cross-sectional survey designed in the collection of the data (Sawatzky Enns, 2012). The results indicate, â€Å"Engagement emerged as the most convincing predictor for intermediary factors† (Sawatzky Enns, 2012).The intermediary factors use in this case included job satisfaction, fatigue, and burnout. An inverse relationship was evident between â€Å"engagement and influencing factors such as nursing management, collaboration with nurses, available resources, and shift work† (Sawatzky Enns, 2012).There are limitations contained in this work. The purposive sampling method used can elicit biased findings. The other limitation is that the despite the fact that framework used in the research was â€Å"based on scientific evidence,† it had not been tested (Sawatzky Enns, 2012). In addition, since the subjects used in the study were drawn from the nurses operating in the emergency departments, the findings of the study cannot be applied in the entire nursing population. According to the findings of this study, engagement is a key factor in retainin g nurses working in the emergency departments. Hence, nurse managers should work on factors that increase engagements. Some of these factors include engaging the nursing management in providing guidance, collaboration with physicians, and shift work. Article 6: â€Å"The Mediating Role of Organizational Subcultures in Health Care Organizations† by Lok et al., 2011 The objective of this study was â€Å"to investigate the mediating role of the organizational subculture between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and leadership culture in health care organizations† (Lok et al., 2011). The study used nurses drawn from 26 wards in indifferent hospitals (Lok et al., 2011). The results obtained â€Å"shows that in the innovative ward, subculture was found to bear greater impact on nurses’ commitment and retention. In the bureaucratic ward, â€Å"subculture had a significant negative direct relationship with commitment† (Lok et al., 2011). On the supportive ward, â€Å"subculture had small but positive indirect relationship with job commitment, and this was achieved through job satisfaction† (Lok et al., 2011). Some limitations contained in this research calls for further research. In the first instance, this research is only applicable in Australia due to differences in culture across the different countries of the world. Another limitation is that the study was conducted in a hospital in which nurses spend long periods in the ward. Hence, in organizations where nurses move more frequently, they may not have adequate time to form subcultures that influence commitment (Lok et al., 2011). The findings of this research can be applied in healthcare organizations by creating an environment that promotes commitment. Servant leadership is critical in increasing the level of commitment among the employees. Hence, the nurse managers should embrace a transformative style of leadership in order to boost the level of commitment among the nurse Article 7: â€Å"Which Organizational Culture Moves Towards Organizational Excellency† by Gogheri et al., 2013. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate â€Å"the relationship of types of culture and the execution of organizational excellencies based on the EFQM model in government organizations† (Gogheri et al., 2013). 311 questionnaires were used to collect the data contained in this study (Gogheri et al., 2013). According to the descriptive data collected by the researchers, culture is a major determiner of the organization’s boundaries (Gogheri et al., 2013). Culture creates a stable and sustainable social system. The result findings found out that the majority of the respondents viewed culture as a label that is capable of connecting components of the organization through proper standards. The findings found it essential for nurse managers to understand culture issues in groups and the organization at large. However, the study was faced with several limitations. One of the limitations was lack of cooperation from personnel and organizations during the process of collecting. There were also some previous studies conducted on â€Å"the relationship between organizational culture and organizational excellence performance† that made the findings no original (Najmi Hosseini, 2006). According to the findings of this study, organizational culture is important in any organization since it affects goals and strategies set by the organization. Organizational culture can be a strength or weakness in the organization. Since nursing managers have an essential role of developing organizational culture, they should ensure they develop positive organizational culture that will impact the organization positively (Najmi Hosseini, 2006). Part B. Critique and Overall Summary The above articles address the issue of nurse retention in health organizations. The information contained in this articles can be successfully applied in addressing problems associated with retention of nurses in health care organizations. In the first article, the knowledge can be applied in health organizations by creating model nurse leaders and empowering the nursing councils. In the second article, the application of the insight collected can be done through increasing the autonomy of nurses, and this strategy can help lower nurses’ turnover rate and eventually retain more nurses in hospitals. The supervisors should also create good relationships with the employees. Nurse Managers can apply the findings of the third article by providing supervisory support to nurses during service delivery in the efforts to increase the organizational commitment among younger nurses (New York University, 2009). Nurse Managers should also avoid some practices such as mandatory overtime since they lead to reduced organizational commitment, and thus increased turnover. In the fourth article, the knowledge obtained can be applied by creating a more participative work environment where nurses collaborate freely with the management (Koen et al., 2013). Nurse Managers can apply the knowledge on the fifth article in healthcare organizations by working on factors that increase engagements. Some of these factors include nursing management, collaboration with physicians, shift work and resources (Sawatzky, Enns, 2012). The findings of the sixth and seventh research article can be applied in health care organizations by creating an environment that promotes commitment and as well as cultural sensitive work environment (Manojlovich, 2006). In summary, all the summarized articles are very credible, and they provide evidence-based practices that can be applied by nursing managers to avert the increasing problems associated with retention of nurses. Apart from the interventions identified in the articles, nursing managers can also address problems of retention among nurses by addressing shortages of nurses, adopting top-notch recruitment and retention policies, effective planning and use of the available nursing resources, and providing incentives that motivate nurses. Therefore, all the strategies identified in the articles when implemented effectively can increase nurses’ job satisfaction thus reducing problems of retention (Ley, 2007). Conclusion Nursing retention is an effective measure in curbing the problem of nurses’ shortages in heath care organizations. For nurse managers, understanding the mechanisms of retaining nurses is essential for the purposes of career development. This research paper has provided five articles addressing the issue of nurse retention, and two articles addressing organizational culture and it influence on retention. In regard to nurse retention, the style of leadership adopted by nurse administrator has direct impacts on the nurse retention. Hence, nurse administrators should create an environment that promotes commitment. In regard to organizational culture, leaders are largely responsible for developing an organizational culture and it important for nurse managers to use their positions to develop a positive culture that promote retention of nurses. References Brunetto, Y.( 2012). Study on Nurse Retention. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34, 28-38. Duffield, C. M., Roche, M. A., Blay, N., Stasa, H. (2011). Nursing unit managers, staff retention and the work environment.Journal of clinical nursing,20(1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2), 23-33. Gogheri, A. S., Nawaser, K., Vesal, S. M., Jahanshahi, A. A., Kazi, R. (2013). Which organizational culture moves towards organizational excellency. Asian Social Science, 9(11), 221-236. Koen, V., et al. (2013). Effective strategies for nurse retention in acute hospitals: A mixed method study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 50(2):185–194 Ley, L. (2007). ‘Shortage of Nurses.’ Journal of medical practice. 3(1), 23-43. Lok, P., Jo, R., Westwood, B. (2011). The mediating role of organizational subcultures in health care organizations, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(5): pp.506 – 525. Manojlovich, M. (2006). Enhancing nurses job satisfaction through improvements in the practice environment and effective nurse physician communication. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(5), 229-230 Najmi, M., Hosseini, S. (2006). EFQM Excellence Model, From Idea to Execution. Ronas (6th ed.). Tehran, Iran. New York University. (20130). Keeping Nurses on the Job: Retention Is Part Of The Answer To The Nursing Shortage. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 29, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090330154802.htm Sawatzky, V. Enns, C.(2012). Exploring the key predictors of retention in emergency nurses. Journal of Nursing Management., 20(5); 696-707. Wieck, K., et al. (2010). Retention priorities for the intergenerational nurse workforce. Nursing Forum, 45(1), 7-17.

Maquiladoras: Manufacturing Poverty in Mexico Essay -- Maquiladoras E

The trend toward a more globalized market has become increasingly developed in the latter half of the 20th century. Emphasis on world trade has become a dominant figure in almost every Nation’s economy. Between 1970 and 2000 world trade has experienced an increase of almost 370 percent. Concurrently, world GDP increased by 150 percent. Trade is beneficial to Nations because it allows the creation of avenues that aid in efficient allocation of resources (Canas & Coronado). Countries can gain from trade when they specialize according to their comparative advantage. This is, when they create conditions where goods and services can be produced at a lower opportunity cost than in any other country. Along the same logic, countries can also make large profits by taking advantage of another countries comparative advantage. A prime example of this is the relationship between Mexico and the United States. Mexico has a comparative advantage over a large majority of countries in the world in its abundance of cheap labor. Mexico also has fairly underdeveloped environmental protection and labor laws, which allows corporations more leeway in their operations. Additionally, Mexico provides incentives to foreign corporations including reduced tariffs, unrestricted leases and certain tax exemptions. As a result, corporations have less overhead costs and a greater potential for profits. In this paper I will discuss this phenomenon in several different contexts. First, I will draw on the history of Mexican labor in the United States as it undoubtedly set the stage for future labor agreements between these two nations. Second, I will discuss the Maquiladora Program which encouraged United States corporations to relocate their pl... ...ry and Statistics. http://www.solunet-infomex.com. 3. The Bracero Program. http://www.farmworkers.org/bracerop.html 4. Canas, Jesus & Coronado, Roberto. Maquiladora Industry: Past Present and Future. El Paso Business Frontier. Issue 2. 2002. 5. Maquiladoras: Sweatshops by any Other Name. http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/unitedstates/california/dayofthedead/ maquiladoras.html. 6. Maquiladoras At a Glance. CorpWatch. June 30, 1999. 7. LaBotz, Dan. The Maquiladorization of Mexico. The Multinational Monitor. Volume 14. Number 5. May 1993. 8. Chasnoff, Brian. Profit & Poverty: Mexico’s Maquiladoras. The Daily Texan. 9. Manufacturing in Mexico: The Mexican In-Bond (Maquila) Program. Mexico Business Directory. 2000. http://www.mexconnect.com/business/mex2000maquiladora2.html

Freud paper

Freud and psychoanalysis has changed the way the world thinks for many years. His ideas have been accepted by the public as more of a second belief. Freudian psychiatry has also impacted the way we think about God and the Bible. In his analysis, Freud seemed to eliminate God, saying that He was created by us. He also said that we don't need to answer to a higher power in our lives. If we go by this rule, we are basically setting our goals to society's standards; we are going to be accepting what society thinks is right and rang, not what God thinks of as right and wrong.You are simply going by matter of opinion and not what is truly correct. Freudian psychiatry challenges biblical teaching by saying that we do not need God to answer to or to even have in our lives. Freud is essentially saying we don't need a God to ‘survive' in society's eyes; everything can be explained either materially or scientifically. In a way, having no God in our lives is an excuse to not pay any mind t o God's teachings. If this is true, can we commit rimes and not have to worry about the consequences?It seems that according to Freud, we will only have the trouble of answering to society; we shouldn't even have to worry about the shame of telling God. But as Christians, we should filter other theories through the Bible to confirm its solidity in God and His teachings. So is Freudian psychoanalysis correct? I am not going to judge it and tell you if it is right or wrong; I will merely state my opinion on it. Fraud's theory is very similar of that of Darning's theory of SocialDarwinism; survival of the fittest. In a sense, if we take God out of the picture, we will only be competing for top spot in society. There will be no seat next to God in Heaven. There will be, according to Freud, no eternal life. The most of our worries would be answering to society's judgment upon us. Freudians theory clashes with the Bible in many aspects; we should still sift outside information through the Bible to get the answer that is correct, not in our eyes, but Gods eyes.

Compare Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

In the 1960’s there was an uprising of sorts. The â€Å"black† communities were beginning to realize their constitutional rights†¦or the lack there of. There were a few bold souls that decided to take a stand, no matter what the consequences. Many know of Rosa Parks, the woman who decided to take a stand (no pun intended) on a local bus, refusing to give up her seat near the front and move to the back. Others participated at â€Å"sit in’s† inside diners labeled â€Å"whites only†. For every attempt of expressing their desire and need for equality, all efforts were shot down. There was no unity, no one to rally the hearts and minds of blacks and whites alike. But then a pastor from Montgomery Alabama leaded the largest civil rights boycott against busses to date. Through his soothing voice and outstanding charisma, Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the strongest and most influential civil rights activists. But he was not alone in his drive for equality. There were others fighting for the same cause. One of those zealots was a man named Malcolm Little (later ditched his â€Å"slave name† and picked up X to signify his lost tribal name). Both men were similar in many ways, but yet at the same time were very, very different. in his speeches Malcolm refers to himself and his followers as Black Nationalist Freedom Fighter. He viewed the â€Å"white supremacists† as enemies. In his speeches he talks about how the white politicians hired black and white promoters to go into the black neighborhoods to press the flesh for them promising false promises. His belief of Black Nationalism is that they stay away from their enemy. Create their own community and have their own politicians who have the communities’ interests at heart. If you can take notice in his speeches he is not trying to get the blacks to beg for equality or ask to end segregation. He is saying that blacks should unite together and fight against their common enemy. The philosophy of Black Nationalism can be enforced no matter what your religion, he makes points that they don’t hang you because you are Lutheran, Christian, or Muslim, they ha ng you because you are black. He states in several other occasions that these sit in’s cannot accomplish anything. They must take action to affect the crackers. He refers to the Revolution war, how the little tea boycott did not work, how the Americans were tired of being taxed and oppressed and compares it to the struggle for black rights. These are just a few points that Malcolm makes in his speeches. On the flip side, The man, Martin Luther King Jr. gives several  speeches concerning the freedom and the relief from oppression of the black people. For example, in his â€Å"I Have A Dream† Speech, 200 Thousand people, black and white, have gathered to hear the inspiring wordsof Martin Luther King Jr. He asks those gathered to ask the government for their constitutional right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Then he assures that there will be no rest until the blacks are granted and guaranteed civil rights. This next sentence, it is one of the biggest differences between MX and MLKJr. He said: â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred†. That statement is the biggest divider between the beliefs of Mr. X and Mr. King. â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.† I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.† Is there a alternative motive in the eyes of Mr. King? I think not. In the eyes of Mr. X? I believe there is. If Black Nationalism had evolved, it would have resulted in a war. Not a war of words or of silent hate†¦but a violent war of death and destruction. All that Mr. King wanted was his constitutional rights for him and everyone across the globe. Before he was assassinated, Mr. King won the Nobel Peace Prize and an award of $54 ,000, which he promptly donated to his civil rights movement. So through comparing the ideals and lives of both these great and influential men, we can see that they both have a same idea†¦.but methods and desires for change are much different. Mr. King wanted to have a peace full protest, to open the eyes of the public, white or black; Whereas Mr. X wanted change, and he wanted it now.

Free Essays on Histoy Of American Mafia

THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN MAFIA Throughout history, crime has existed in many different forms and has been committed by not only individuals, but by groups as well. Crime is something that knows no boundaries; it exists in all cultures, is committed by all races, and has existed in all time periods. Crime exists as a part of the economic institution and is a lifestyle for many people. Crime also exists in both organized and un organized forms. Since the early 1900's, "organized" crime has existed in the United States. The following will show where, when, and why the Mafia came to the United States, who organized it in the United States, and how it differed from its origins in the European mafia. By showing this you will see how this specific type of organized crime has In the ninth century, Arab forces occupied Sicily. The native Sicilians were oppressed and took refuge in the surrounding hills. The Sicilians formed a secret society to unite the natives against the Arab and Norman invaders. This secret society was called Mafia after the Arabic word for refuge. The society's intentions were to create a sense of family based on ancestry and Sicilian heritage. In the 1700's, pictures of a black hand were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money was not paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. By the nineteenth century, this society grew larger and more criminally oriented. In 1876, Mafia Don Rafael Palizzolo, ran for political office in Sicily. He forced the voters to vote for him under gunpoint. After being elected into office, he promoted Mafia Don Crispi as Prime Minister. Together the two put Sicily under government control an d funneled government funds to the society known as the Mafia. In the 1800's, New Orleans was the largest Mafia site in the United States. It was while investigating the murder of a... Free Essays on Histoy Of American Mafia Free Essays on Histoy Of American Mafia THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN MAFIA Throughout history, crime has existed in many different forms and has been committed by not only individuals, but by groups as well. Crime is something that knows no boundaries; it exists in all cultures, is committed by all races, and has existed in all time periods. Crime exists as a part of the economic institution and is a lifestyle for many people. Crime also exists in both organized and un organized forms. Since the early 1900's, "organized" crime has existed in the United States. The following will show where, when, and why the Mafia came to the United States, who organized it in the United States, and how it differed from its origins in the European mafia. By showing this you will see how this specific type of organized crime has In the ninth century, Arab forces occupied Sicily. The native Sicilians were oppressed and took refuge in the surrounding hills. The Sicilians formed a secret society to unite the natives against the Arab and Norman invaders. This secret society was called Mafia after the Arabic word for refuge. The society's intentions were to create a sense of family based on ancestry and Sicilian heritage. In the 1700's, pictures of a black hand were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money was not paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. By the nineteenth century, this society grew larger and more criminally oriented. In 1876, Mafia Don Rafael Palizzolo, ran for political office in Sicily. He forced the voters to vote for him under gunpoint. After being elected into office, he promoted Mafia Don Crispi as Prime Minister. Together the two put Sicily under government control an d funneled government funds to the society known as the Mafia. In the 1800's, New Orleans was the largest Mafia site in the United States. It was while investigating the murder of a...

Management and Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and Financial Accounting - Essay Example The management account is a system of Accounting which deals with the information that is useful to the managers and employees with in the organization. Information of M A can be money or non money process. It helps in Management of plan, control and decision making process. It does not require any kind of legal requirement. In simpler words MA is useful in the assistance of planning, controlling, decision making and motivation. On the other hand financial accounting deals with the reporting of the official accounts on demand of the shareholder, government agencies and other parties external to the firm. FA deals with the accounts, records and the performance of the firm over a considered period. FA is limited to some companies and FA must be prepared by law. They are to be produced every year. FA mostly deals with money. It should operate with in the framework determined by law and IASS. FA represents the historic picture of the past operations. Preparing of these accounts gave birt h to the some other standard boards under the authorities of the previous standard boards and the government authorities and the main aim of such standard boards is to build up a firm in which such standards are introduced which are useful all over the world and their principle is to from such standards which are useful all over the world and useful for education and, implementing in the calculation of accounts in the multi nationals. And they hope and try their best to create an international standard so compatible that no other firm can be compared with it.

Interview & Research Paper Christianity Assignment

Interview & Research Paper Christianity - Assignment Example The church is the Body of Christ that consists of Baptized whereas the local church is the place where a group of believers assemble each week for, worship, praise, fellowship and Christian Education. In general, by choosing to worship something or someone, it means that one has given himself completely and wants to be mastered by the said person or thing. Some people tend to think that one worships only in songs and prayers, but the truth is; worship is meant to be a lifestyle. As the pastor mentioned; worship is practiced both publicly and privately (Gordon). Public worship occurs each week, on Sunday’s and private worship occurs daily in our homes or other designated places. Everything that a Christian does should be a form of worship to his Creator, worship is at the very core of Christianity and all are called to worship God in spirit and in truth (â€Å"The Purpose of our Worship of God†). The Bible, which is the Christians holy book, instructs people to worship G od. In psalms 100, it states â€Å"Shout joyfully to the Lord, all the earth. Serve the Lord with gladness; come before Him with joyful singing. Know that the Lord Himself is God; it is He who has made us, and not we ourselves; we are His people and the sheep of His pasture. Enter His gates with thanksgiving, and His courts with praise. Give thanks to Him; bless His name. For the Lord is good; His loving kindness is everlasting, and His faithfulness to all generations (Daniel). This verse in the Bible explains how one ought to praise God which is a fundamental part of worship; it shows submission and thanks giving to God. Through worship, a Christian acknowledges that God is the master and the Supreme Being and that he is willing to follow his commands and teachings. Christian worship came about as a result of Jewish worship, Jesus was a Jew and when He went to the synagogue together with His followers, they would sing and praise during the Jewish festivals. As a Christian, I belie ve that worship is important, the Bible has emphasized on this and therefore all Christians are obligated to be worshippers (White 2). The main message in Christianity is love; Christians are asked to love their neighbours as they love themselves. God is love and love is the greatest thing that you can offer another person, when a Christian worship’s God; he is professing his love to Him. Christians are taught that one cannot claim to love God yet he does not love the people around him. My interviewee pointed out that he believes God the Father, sent Jesus into the world to pay our sin-debt by dying on the cross and that man is saved because he believes and accepts him as his personal Saviour (Segler and Bradley 49. When one embraces the lifestyle of worship, it means that love is solidly embedded in all that he does, even to his enemies. The bible states that one has to be a worshipper, true worshipper to be precise. This means people who embrace worship in everything they d o not just when it is convenient or on Sundays. Failure to worship means that one does not acknowledge God in all he does and that he is not following the teachings of the holy book. Therefore one cannot claim to be a true Christian if he does not worship God and as a result he misses out on the blessings that are supposed to come his way and the gift of eternal life; which is life after death. A life free of pain, suffering and hardship as characterized by life in the world as we know it. But a person who worships as is required of him receives

Analyze a company's supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze a company's supply chain - Essay Example This paper will provide an analysis of Walmart’s supply chain. Walmart is a retailing public, multinational corporation based in the United States and has several branches in different countries all over the world. In its branches, Walmart operates large warehouse stores and departmental stores. It is one of the largest public corporations in the world and employees more than 2 million workers worldwide. The multinational corporation was founded in the year 1962 by Sam Walton. Walmart was created on the basis of discount retailing, and this gave it advantage at a time when there was stiff competition. In 2008, Walt-Mart, rebranded to Walmart. The following are different stores operated by Walmart Supercenters, Neighborhood Markets, Express Stores, Marketside and web-based Walmart.com. Components of supply chain Production When it comes to supply chain, production is the first, essential component in Walmart. Walmart as an organization has based its strategic decisions pertaini ng to production on quality, capacity, customer needs, volume of goods and demand from the market. Problems that are present during the process of production are using raw materials of low quality, new technology and customer’s change in preferences and tastes. ... Walmart as an organization has emphasized on quality products, flexible prices and the development of velocity aimed at determining supply of raw materials, which will maintain low cost of production. A potential problem to Walmart in relation to supply is the issue of price consideration and supplier. The management of Walmart can solve this problem through developing flexibility, velocity and quality during the process choosing its suppliers. Managing this problem will ensure that production cost remain at a lower cost (Hugos, 2011). Inventory Through this component from the supply chain, the management of Walmart can determine the suitable level of inventory in the organization beneficial in increasing competitiveness. The inventory is effectively managed by Walmart’s Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Through this technology, day to day stocks are monitored, and daily remaining stocks are tracked. Problem in the management of inventory through the (RFID) tec hnology comes as a result of a lot of traffic in the network. A lot of traffic leads wrong interpretation of the processed information. Walmart can solve this problem through increasing the number of server bases and continuous advancement of (RFID) technology (Hugos, 2011). Location The physical site to which an organization has been located is crucial for the prosperity of an organization. The locations Walmart selects to put up its stores are determined by customers’ demands and satisfaction. Walmart ensures that an identified location for its production facilities and stores are close and convenient to the consumers. The problem with this component

B.F. Skinners theory of punishment Essay Example for Free

B.F. Skinners theory of punishment Essay When you think of punishment and reward you think of a reaction; but man has come up with theories of why we do the things that we can do. Conditioning and learning is defined as change in behavior, which is resulted by different types of practices and experiences. In this report the main topics will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive-social learning, and neuroscience and evolution. Every time we do something good or bad the outcome determines our reactions in future situations. This learning process that is associated between environment stimuli and behavioral responses. Breaking down the rewards system you come along reinforces and reinforcement. Both are good ways to get a conditioned response. First we primary rein forcers, this increases the chance because it satisfies a need for sex, food, and water. Secondary rein forcers increase the probability of a reaction because of value, money, and possessions through learning. Positive reinforcement is a reward that adds stimulus to increase chances of responses. Positive reinforcement would be a paycheck for a job well done. Negative reinforcement is the exact opposite removing or taking away stimulus of the action not occurring again. The two types of conditioning we are covering is classical and operant. Conditioning is learning through repetition of exercises of rewards or punishment to get a response. The pioneer scientist in classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning is also known as a Respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical is also involuntary which is one of the major differences from operant conditioning. Classical conditioning happens when an unrelated response through association with a stimulus that already makes a similar or related response. An example of classical conditioning is for some people when you hear the sound of running water you need to use the bathroom. The other types of conditioning are Operant, also called Instrumental and Skinnerian conditioning. In operant conditioning the punishment, reward, or in other words outcome is important. That adds to the probability that the act will be repeated or not. Operant conditioning is where consequences of a  particular behavior are described on the repetition of that same behavior. B.F. Skinners experiment of operant conditioning was a cat in a puzzle box. The only way the cat could get out was to pull on a rope; at first the cat did it by mistake. As the experiment went on the cats behavior became more and more purposeful. Soon the cat learned that the door opened immediately for his food. Skinners theory of reward was called positive reinforcement, and his theory of punishment was known as negative reinforcement. Reinforcement always increases the strength of the preceding behavior. Skinner was credited with the law of affect meaning an action will be repeated if it is rewarded. Another type of operant conditioning is called, Extinction. Extinction is a particular behavior that is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. So far this report has broken down stimulus and observable reward and punishment behavior. Overall, some scientists believe the behavior cannot be explained by these theories alone. So next we come to cognitive social theory. Unlike Skinners black box theory, German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler wanted to look deeper inside the box. Kohler believed that solving a complex problem was responding to the stimuli in a trial and error statement. One of his experiments was with using a chimpanzee to try and find his way out of a cage and luring to reach a banana from the ceiling by using its insight to grasp the banana. Kohler tried the experiment again with another chimp placing him in the cage with two sticks this time and placing the banana farther then its grasp. The chimp lost interest in the banana when it was farther but then realized he could use the two sticks to extend his reach, allowing it (the chimp) to obtain the banana. Kohler called this a, learning insight. To wrap up this report we learned that the different types of conditioning are based on reward and punishment and they all have their own different theories and they are still being tested and experimented today.

Case Study Of Johnson And Johnson Commerce Essay

Case Study Of Johnson And Johnson Commerce Essay For many Chinese people, they could buy some foreign products since 1980s, because many foreign companies have set up in China at that period, and huge amount of imported products were sold in Chinese market, which means the effect of the globalization can be seen in our daily necessities. In 1982, the first Johnson Johnson operating company was opened in China, then a series of products of Johnson Johnson entered Chinese market. Why Johnson Johnson would like to enter other foreign market, especially in developing country like China? This report will examine whether Johnson Johnson is an international corporation or a global corporation through two concept, corporate structure and geographical expansion. Although in previous studies, there is no sole definition of internationalization and globalization, this report will analyze Johnson Johnsons characteristics to support that it is a successful example of global corporations. Contents Introduction In todays competitive business environment, there are a lot of multinational enterprises. Like Johnson Johnson, it could be found in every country. However, in some studies, there is no clearly concept or explanation on whether the corporation is international or global. Many international corporations have been influenced by globalization where they would turn into global corporations. Therefore, the aim of this report is to analyse whether Johnson Johnson is an international firm or a global firm, and discuss what global characteristics it possesses. In order to do a case study of Johnson Johnson, its corporate structure will be described and geographical expansion will be analysed. To summaries when and how did Johnson Johnson become a global corporation? By using a corporate geography perspective, this report will include the analysis of whether geographical expansion is a good way to enhance firms scale or not and if it could change international corporations into global cor porations. However, globalisation might be constrained somehow. Globalisation might also bring corporations more challenges, which could be seen in long run. In the world economy, the use of globalisation might be exaggerated. Internationalization and Globalisation There is no unequivocal definition of what is globalization. According to David DeBry (2001, p. 42), who pointed out that internationalisation is like creating a round-toed shoe that fits people with all types of feet. It is not as comfortable as a perfectly fitted shoe and doesnt fit snugly, but can be worn by many people. Whereas globalization refers to the trend of a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Dicken, P. (2011) mentioned that the concept of globalization became familiar gradually in the past 30 years. Globalization is the method to solve the worlds economic issues (Dicken, 2011). Globalisation might influence the form of companies, which leads to the changing from trade to Foreign Direct Investment (Dicken P. , 2003). Trade volume has increased by the progress of globalisation (Dicken P. , 2011), for example, Chinese people could barely purchase foreign products in China before 1980s until the government approved the reform of Chinese economy approaches. Whi lst the volume of import and export of China reaches a really high amount. Figure 1 Source from Dicken P. 2011 table 2.1 Figure 2 Source from Dicken P. 2011 table 2.2 Nowadays, people witness the establishment of international corporations and global corporations. The worlds largest 500 corporation are usually being classed multinational enterprises (MNEs). An example of global brands is Johnson Johnson. However, how to identify the difference between international corporations and global corporations? First of all, being international corporations, the quantity of branches and subsidiaries are limited, it could be in only one country. But global corporations have many branches and subsidiaries among all over the world. International corporations have some investment in at least one country, they search profitable opportunities, whereas global corporations use the world as an opportunity. For most global corporations, they need to build a global brand, a successful reputation built should link the name, products and logo to many people. For instance, people could hardly find substitute for many Johnson Johnson products, and the majority people have heard this name. According to Giorgio et al. (2002), there are two reasons to why a company should change from international to global company. On the one hand, a company could open its market worldwide. On the other hand, the company could lower its cost. Dicken (2003) demonstrated that a global corporation would be a firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in a large number of counties (even if it does not own them), but whose geographically dispersed operations are functionally integrated, and not merely a diverse portfolio of activities. The background of Johnson Johnson The concept of corporate structure is the arrangements whereby the firm motivates, coordinates, appraises, and rewards the inputs and resources that belong to its coalition (Caves, 1980:66). Many successful corporations would establish famous branded products and develop different type of products (Caves, 1980). A firms corporate structure is depended on many issues. For example, when one company start up for only 5 years, its corporate structure would be less complex than company which founded 50 years ago. In Johnson Johnson, their board of directors is a group of people who meet a set of General Criteria for membership and are elected to the Board by our shareholders each year. We currently have 14 Board members, 12 of whom are independent under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. (Johnson Johnson, 2012). Many large corporations tend to have the same corporate structures. It includes about five departments, which are Marketing, Finance, Accounting, Human Resource and IT. Usually corporate structure are four types as following (Dicken P. , 2011): Figure 3 (Source from Dicken P. 2011 Figure 5.8) It can be seen that global corporates structure is more complex than international corporates structure. For Johnson Johnson, the executive committee is the main management team, which is responsible for the operations. The corporate governance is formed by accounting controls, independent auditor, audit committee of their board of directors and business results. Figure 4C:UsersREDesktopConcept2.jpeg This figure shows the board of directors of Johnson Johnson. (Johnson Johnson, 2012) 3.1 A strategy of Johnson Johnson The reason why Johnson Johnson achieves such great success is that it has strict operating mode. (Johnson Johnson, 2012) 1. Market penetration Johnson Johnson has improved the share of market by increasing the quality of products, meanwhile, offering discount is an appropriate way to influence consumers habits and purchasing. 2. Market development It developed new markets to provide the same products for consumers who have the same requires in different countries. 3. Product development It developed new products to old consumers, which would expand popularity. 4. Diversification It provide new products to new markets. 5. Consolidation This step is to retain its stable relationship with consumers. Chandler stated that a firms growth is always through three strategies as following (Chandler, 1962): 1. Expansion is to widen the existing line to the same kinds of consumers. 2. New markets and sources of supplies are very important factors. 3. Developing a wide range of new products for different types of consumers As one of the largest and most comprehensive health care corporation in the world, Johnson Johnson has experienced vital growth in recent years. Johnson Johnson was founded by Robert Wood Johnson with two brothers in New Jersey in 1886. With the expansion and development of its business needs from the 1920 of the 20th century, Johnson Johnson has set up a lot of branches and acquired many companies among Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. By today Johnson Johnson has established and acquired more than 250 branches and companies in over 57 countries, and has about 129,000 employees. Johnson Johnson is Ranked 42nd in fortune 500 list in 2012. (Johnson Johnson, 2012). In 1924, the first overseas operating company was set up in the United Kingdom, which indicated Johnson Johnson has started its foreign company period. In 1944, Johnson Johnson joined the New York Stock Exchange. (Johnson Johnson, 2012). Revenues of JJ has increased from only $7 billion in 1987 to more than $65 b illion in 2012. Profits increased at an even faster rate, from $329.5 million in 1987 to $9672 million in 2012. (FORTUNE 500, 2012) 3.2 Corporate Structure of Johnson Johnson For every MNE, as key driver of globalization, has its unique corporate structure on a wide variety of market, which influence the corporations management in marketplace. The main sector is the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, height of barriers to enter and exit (Caves, 1980). Why Johnson Johnson can be called a global corporation is that it has complicated structure. It depends on the development and innovation, because Johnson Johnson has three business divisions: 3.2.1.. Consumer products Baby Care Skin and Hair Care Wound Care and Topicals Oral Health Care Womens Health Over-the-Counter Medicines Nutritionals Vision Care Online store The consumer products chain retail outlets are widespread all over the world, these products are sold to general public and both to wholesalers and directly to individuals, while Pharmaceutical products and Medical device Diagnostics are depend on acquisition of other companies. 3.2.2. Pharmaceutical products Janssen RD LLC Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Janssen Healthcare Innovation Janssen Diagnostics Veridex, LLC These products offer medicines that treat widespread diseases. 3.2.3. Medical device Diagnostics Advanced Sterilization Products Animas Corporation Cordis Corporation DePuy Synthes Companies of Johnson Johnson Ethicon,  Inc. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Johnson Johnson Vision Care, Inc. LifeScan, Inc. Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. These products might be used in professional fields, such as physicians, nurses, hospitals, and diagnostic laboratories. It has gained the competitive advantage through knowledge of recognition and integration in the world, and achieved implementation and operation. With the development of Johnson Johnson, it has shaped a very complicated company. There are approximately more than 200 different type of products are formed in three departments. To what extent the success of Johnson Johnson could achieve is depends on the relationship between three departments and other business departments. In the past 10 years, Johnson Johnson has purchased more than 60 small firms. It focus on managing the knowledge. Usually, corporation has the following ways to grow: internal expansion, exporting, licensing, franchising, mergers and acquisitions, and geographic expansion. (Bruce R. Barringer, Daniel W. Greening, 1998). These strategies support corporations to enter new markets, as well as develop corporations resources through different countries or regions. Previous studies have revealed that geographic expansion is a new operation in a different area. (Hsien-Jui Chung, Chun-Chung Chen, Tsun-jui Hsieh, 2007). It might form international supply chains, which firms would purchase components, raw materials and services. It was significant to gain growth and enhance performance when Johnson Johnson has set up the first foreign firm in 1924. Geographic expansion would bring a lot of advantages (Farok J. Contractor, Sumit K. Kundu and Chin-Chun Hsu, 2003) Global market often give more scope for economies of scale, which in this case study, has changed Johnson Johnson into a global firm. As Dicken (2011) mentioned that global economy are connected with geographical and organizational structure. He (2011, p. 96) pointed out closely related to the issues of geographical scale and organizational loci is the importance of territoriality in networks. Findings To sum up, from what is discussed above, Johnson Johnson is a global corporation. As a result of some literature, there would be two measurements to determine whether the corporation is globalised or not, which is from organizational and geographical scale. Firstly, Johnson Johnson has complicated corporate structure, it has executive committee to manage and operate Johnson Johnson. Compared with its geographical scale, Johnson Johnson has more than 250 branches and subsidiaries all over the world. Then corporations earn profits from the globalisation economy, which is why many international company would like to expand their subsidiaries and branches to other different countries or regions. Discussion Globalisation plays an important role, it changes the world economy. Firstly, it increases the trade from one country to another. Apart from that, globalisation makes economy prosperous because it raised foreign direct investment while there might be some limitations. When a company is already a global company, what should be their next steps or strategies? Is globalisation the destination for one company? In accordance to some literatures, globalization is end of geography (OBRIEN, 1992). Increasingly companies have gained more profits from globalization, in other words, the progress of globalization gets advantages for enterprises. Conclusions So far, for many people, it is hard to explain what are international corporations and global corporations, because internationalization and globalization cannot be easily distinguished, but actually there are different. Consequently, they can be differentiated by the geographic scale and corporation structure. Globalized companies often owns similar structures. It is easier to understand from some literatures. In this report, a case study of Johnson Johnson has determined that it is a global corporation by analysing its corporate structure, different product lines and company strategies. In competitive business circumstance, globalisation is an inevitable trend, not only for companies, but for the macro-economy. Globalisation makes the whole world look like borderless, it might boost international business.